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I'm not quite sure I understand the last sentence of Anon 12.02. People of course differ on an individual level but on average mothers are more likely than fathers to want to spend some time looking after and caring for children because that is how we have evolved, as a matter of human biology. Therefore they are likely in the earlier stages of their careers to be out of the job market and it will take them longer to catch up with their male contemporaries and get an equivalent level of experience. Therefore over a working lifetime their earnings will tend to be lower. Shortly of reverse discrimination to pay women more than men for the same work I'm not sure there's an answer.